Training and Supervision Introduction
Purpose
The organization supports personnel and promotes personnel competence, satisfaction, and retention by providing initial and ongoing training; a variety of personnel development opportunities; and regular, supportive supervision.Introduction
Personnel competence is the product of a dynamic combination of factors including experience, formal education, training, coaching, peer support, mentoring, and supportive supervision. As such, COA’s TS standards reflect a multi-faceted approach to personnel development and supervision that enhances supervisors’ abilities to respond to the individual needs of their workers while simultaneously promoting personnel competence, satisfaction, and retention across the organization.
Note: COA’s Training and Supervision (TS) standards do not apply to independent contractors.
Note: Please see the TS Reference List for the research that informed the development of these standards.
Note: For information about changes made in the 2020 edition, please see the TS Crosswalk.
Training and Supervision (TS) 1: Personnel Development
- direct supervision;
- formal, internal personnel training;
- internal and external conferences and workshops;
- encouraging personnel to join and participate in professional organizations;
- helping personnel to identify training and educational experiences that are credit bearing; and
- offering tuition reimbursement, financial assistance, or time off.
TS 1.01
A personnel development plan:
- is reviewed annually and revised in accord with an assessment of the organization's training needs;
- incorporates a variety of educational methods;
- is responsive to the history, cultural backgrounds, and related needs of personnel;
- outlines specific competency expectations for each job category;
- provides opportunities for personnel to fulfill the continuing education requirements of their respective professions;
- provides opportunities to support advancement within the organization and profession; and
- provides opportunities for personnel to practice cultural humility.
Examples: Educational methods can include, but are not limited to:
- interactive classroom trainings;
- webinars, self-paced trainings, or other computer-assisted training models;
- coaching; and
- structured peer support opportunities.
Examples: Examples of opportunities for personnel to practice cultural humility can include:
- lunch-and-learns, webinars, or lectures;
- facilitated conversations;
- employee resource groups; and
- resource sharing.
- One of the standard's elements is not fully addressed.
- Two elements are not fully addressed; or
- One of the elements is not addressed at all.
TS 1.02
- Occasionally orientation extends beyond the three months.
- The curriculum is not well developed or lacks depth; or
- A significant number of staff have not been oriented.
TS 1.03
- surveying personnel to assess satisfaction with a training activity and perceived competence;
- implementing pre- and post-testing to assess skill acquisition, including practitioner observation where appropriate;
- tracking performance data over time to identify trends and make improvements to training activities; and
- conducting more complex analysis to assess the impact of training on positive outcomes.
Training and Supervision (TS) 2: Training Content
TS 2.01
- mandatory reporting, pursuant to relevant professional standards and as required by law, and the identification of clinical indicators of suspected abuse and neglect, as applicable;
- federal and state laws requiring disclosure of confidential information for law enforcement purposes, including compliance with a court order, warrant, or subpoena;
- duty to warn, pursuant to relevant professional standards and as required by law;
- the agency's policies and procedures on confidentiality and disclosure of service recipient information, and penalties for violation of these policies and procedures; and
- the legal rights of service recipients.
- The curriculum related to one of the elements is not fully developed or lacks depth; or
- A few personnel have not been trained, but are scheduled to be trained.
- The curriculum related to two of the elements is not fully developed or lacks depth; or
- Training does not address one of the elements at all; or
- A significant number of staff have not been trained.
TS 2.02
- proper documentation techniques;
- the maintenance and security of records; and
- the use of technology and information systems including refresher trainings when changes or updates are made.
- The curriculum related to one of the elements is not fully developed or lacks depth; or
- A few personnel have not been trained, but are scheduled to be trained.
- Training does not address one of the elements at all; or
- A significant number of staff have not been trained.
TS 2.03
Direct service personnel receive training on:
- communicating respectfully and effectively with service recipients;
- engaging service recipients, including building trust, establishing rapport, and developing a professional relationship;
- understanding the science of trauma and the impact of trauma on individuals, families, and personnel; and
- trauma-informed care, including screening, assessment, and service delivery practices.
NA The organization is only assigned the Financial Education and Counseling (FEC) standards.
- The curriculum related to one of the elements is not fully developed or lacks depth; or
- A few personnel have not been trained, but are scheduled to be trained.
- The curriculum related to two of the elements is not fully developed or lacks depth; or
- Training does not address one of the elements at all; or
- A significant number of staff have not been trained.
TS 2.04
- interventions that address cultural and socioeconomic factors in service delivery;
- the role cultural identity plays in motivating human behavior;
- procedures for working with non-English speaking persons or individuals with communication impairments;
- understanding explicit and implicit bias and discrimination;
- recognizing individuals and families with special needs;
- the needs of individuals and families in crisis, including recognizing and responding to a mental health crisis;
- the needs of victims of violence, abuse, or neglect and their family members; and
- basic health and medical needs of the service population.
Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) is one way to prepare personnel to recognize, understand, and respond to service recipients and colleagues experiencing a mental health crisis. Similarly, "gatekeeper training" programs prepare personnel to recognize, interpret, and respond to signs of suicide risk.
- The curriculum related to one of the elements is not fully developed or lacks depth; or
- A few personnel have not been trained, but are scheduled to be trained.
- The curriculum related to two of the elements is not fully developed or lacks depth; or
- Training does not address one of the elements at all; or
- A significant number of staff have not been trained.
TS 2.05
Direct service personnel are trained on, or demonstrate competency in, providing inclusive care to individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities including:
- communication techniques;
- de-escalation techniques for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities; and
- implementing the principles of self-determination and inclusion.
The organization's practices reflect full implementation of the standard.
Practices are basically sound but there is room for improvement; e.g.,
- The curriculum related to one of the elements is not fully developed or lacks depth; or
- A few personnel have not been trained, but are scheduled to be trained.
Practice requires significant improvement; e.g.,
- The curriculum related to two of the elements is not fully developed or lacks depth; or
- Training does not address one of the elements at all; or
- A significant number of staff have not been trained.
Implementation of the standard is minimal or there is no evidence of implementation at all.
TS 2.06
Direct service personnel demonstrate competence in, or receive training on how to:
- identify and access needed community resources;
- collaborate with other service providers;
- access financial assistance, including public assistance and government subsidies; and
- empower service recipients and their families to advocate on their own behalf.
FEC Interpretation: Although credit counseling organizations primarily provide financial education and counseling services, supporting the success and well-being of clients can be furthered by providing information on how to access resources in the community, strengthening the client’s ability to do so, and understanding the obstacles that may affect the service population.
Examples: One example of community resources are personal advocates and the conditions under which a personal advocate may be needed.
The organization's practices reflect full implementation of the standard.
Practices are basically sound but there is room for improvement; e.g.,
- The curriculum related to one of the elements is not fully developed or lacks depth; or
- A few personnel have not been trained, but are scheduled to be trained.
Practice requires significant improvement; e.g.,
- The curriculum related to two of the elements is not fully developed or lacks depth; or
- Training does not address one of the elements at all; or
- A significant number of staff have not been trained.
Implementation of the standard is minimal or there is no evidence of implementation at all.
TS 2.07
- implementing practices that promote positive behavior;
- recognizing psychosocial issues, medical conditions, and challenging behaviors that are a threat to self or others and knowing when to seek assistance;
- understanding how the physical environment, and other factors, can lead to a crisis; and
- understanding the impact of personnel behaviors and responses on the behavior of service recipients.
NA The organization is only assigned the Financial Education and Counseling (FEC) standards.
NA The organization is only assigned the Employee Assistance Program (EAP) standards.
- The curriculum related to one of the elements is not fully developed or lacks depth; or
- A few personnel have not been trained but only work with clients under the oversight of trained personnel.
- The curriculum related to two of the elements is not fully developed or lacks depth; or
- Training does not address one of the elements at all; or
- A significant number of staff have not been trained.
TS 2.08
- listening and communication techniques, such as negotiation, centering strengths, and mediation;
- involving the person in regaining control and encouraging self-calming behaviors;
- separation of individuals involved in an altercation;
- offering a voluntary escort to guide the person to a safe location;
- voluntary withdrawal from the group or milieu to allow the person to calm down; and
- other non-restrictive ways of de-escalating and reducing episodes of aggressive and out-of-control behavior.
NA The organization is only assigned the Financial Education and Counseling (FEC) standards.
NA The organization is only assigned the Employee Assistance Program (EAP) standards.
- The curriculum related to one of the elements is not fully developed or lacks depth; or
- A few personnel have not been trained but only work with clients under the oversight of trained personnel.
- The curriculum related to two of the elements is not fully developed or lacks depth; or
- Training does not address one of the elements at all; or
- A significant number of staff have not been trained.
Training and Supervision (TS) 3: Supervision
TS 3.01
- identifies the job responsibilities, skill set, and other behaviors required of supervisors, including their administrative, educational, and supportive functions;
- sets supervisor-supervisee ratios;
- establishes expectations for the frequency and format of supervision;
- establishes expectations for the frequency and format of ongoing performance review; and
- establishes resources and supports for supervisors.
- employment assistance programs;
- mentoring and coaching;
- offering lateral transfers to less stressful assignments; and
- ensuring coverage so supervisors can take advantage of trainings or other professional development opportunities.
- the supervision framework is comprehensive but some aspects of the framework need clarifying.
- Two elements are not fully addressed; or
- One of the elements is not addressed at all.
TS 3.02
- provide regularly scheduled supervision and conduct evaluation and training activities as outlined in the organization’s supervision framework; and
- offer flexible support in response to crisis situations or urgent needs.
- With a few exceptions the supervisors have sufficient time to conduct supervision and there are only occasional gaps in regular supervision; or
- Time allocated to evaluation and/or training could be improved.
- Supervisors are frequently unable to provide supervision due to time constraints; or
- Do not have time to participate in evaluation or training activities; or
- Documentation of supervision is poorly maintained.
TS 3.03
- delegating and overseeing work assignments;
- ensuring that service delivery is performed according to the organization's mission, policies and procedures, and applicable law and regulation;
- promoting knowledge acquisition and skill development through various professional development opportunities;
- assisting personnel in transferring the skills and knowledge obtained in the classroom to their work in the field; and
- implementing policies and procedures designed to prevent, recognize, and respond to work-related stress.
- working with personnel to identify the most appropriate trainings for their position;
- clarifying the purpose and relevance of the training before it is delivered;
- following up with personnel to establish a plan for incorporating acquired skills and knowledge into their work, including setting performance goals and methods for tracking progress when appropriate;
- modeling appropriate practice and/or establishing mentorships with more experienced colleagues; and
- observing practice in the field accompanied by constructive feedback.
- training supervisors and workers on the potential impacts of work-related stress and prevention strategies;
- reflective supervision;
- peer support;
- encouraging flex time arrangements;
- informal and formal assessment tools;
- managing work assignments to avoid heavy caseloads of traumatized individuals; and
- providing access to employee assistance programs.
- A significant number of supervisors do not meet the requirements of the standard.
TS 3.04
- new;
- developing competencies, including personnel who have not yet obtained professional licensure or certification;
- experiencing challenging or traumatic circumstances with the individuals and families they work with; or
- experiencing higher caseloads.
- more frequent supervision;
- additional training opportunities;
- shadowing; and
- voluntary crisis response services.
- Staff report that with a few exceptions supervisors provide additional support as required by the standard.
- Staff report that supervisors do not consistently provide additional support.